Using the French Expression À la rentrée

À la rentrà ©e!  [a la ra(n) tray] is a French expression used to mean, See you in September! or See you this fall! When translated literally, the phrase means, at the return. This is an common idiomatic phrase of normal register. How to Use the Phrase In August, major sectors of France slow down or close up shop completely. School is out, the government is more or less AWOL, and many restaurants and other businesses are closed as well. Therefore, many French people are on vacation for all or part of the month, which means that la rentrà ©e, in September, is more than just students and teachers going back to school; its also everyone else returning home and going back to work, returning to normalcy. À la rentrà ©e! is a valediction, similar to bonnes vacances!  (have a nice vacation), a way of saying good-bye and an acknowledgement that youll see the other person when you both re-enter the real world after your prolonged vacation.You can also use à   la rentrà ©e as a reference to that point in time, to explain when something will happen, as in Je vais acheter une nouvelle voiture à   la rentrà ©e—Im going to buy a new car in early September / when school starts back up / after I get back from vacation. A related expression,  les affaires de la rentrà ©e,  means back-to-school deals/sales.

Atomic Structures And The Atomic Structure Essay - 984 Words

Atomic Structure Timeline Welcome to the atomic structure timeline. This site explores discoveries related to atomic structure including the electron, proton and neutron. The dates used for events are open to debate since many scientist s spent decades studying a topic. Check the links for more in depth material. Most of all enjoy. Created by Lee Buescher, ScienceDept, Watertown High School Watertown, Wisconsin 53098 USA Visit these sites for original papers in chemistry. 1. Selected Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry by Carmen Giunta at Le Moyne College. 2. John Parks Chem Team site on Classic Papers from the History of Chemistry Early theories of the structure of matter were not based upon experiments. As scientists began to study the relationship between several physical phenomenon such as electricity, and magnetism they began to develop different models about atomic structure. Year Scientist(s) Discovery Greek era Democritus by convention bitter, by convention sweet, but in reality atoms and void 1704 Isaac Newton Proposed a mechanical universe with small solid masses in motion. 1803 John Dalton Proposed an atomic theory with spherical solid atoms based upon measurable properties of mass. 1832 Michael Faraday Studied the effect of electricity on solutions, coined term electrolysis as a splitting of molecules with electricity, developed laws of electrolysis. Faraday himself was not a proponent of atomism. 1859 J. Plucker BuiltShow MoreRelatedStructure Of The Atomic Structure1437 Words   |  6 PagesTASK 1:- Describe the structure (including the atomic structure) associated with 1. Metal 2. Polymer- Elastomer 3. Ceramic 4. Composite- Carbon Fibre 5. Smart Material ïÆ'Ëœ METAL:- Metals are chemical components with general characteristics and similar Physical and Chemical Properties underneath traditional conditions. The study of metals is named science. Not all of the metals have the properties and characteristics below. Several components is also classified as metals consistent with one setRead MoreThe History Of Atomic Structure1504 Words   |  7 PagesEliza Abrams Mrs. Baldwin Honors Chem â…˜ 24 November 2015 The History of Atomic Structure For many years Greek philosophers were intrigued by the question of what matter consists of(Lucretius 31). In the fifth century BC, Democritus was the first philosopher to come up with a coherent atom theory. Based upon the reasoning that a stone can be split in half an infinite number of times, he hypothesized that at some point the stone would be too small for the eye to see. Democritus categorized such minisculeRead MoreThe History Of Atomic Structure1720 Words   |  7 PagesHistory of Atomic Structure What is the atomic structure you may ask? Well, it’s the law stating the structure of an atom. It is composed of a positively charged nucleus containing a certain amount of protons (positive), neutrons (neutral charge), and electrons (negative). The amount of each subatomic particle (proton, neutron, and electron) all depend on what the element is. Now although this statement may seem fairly simple it was most definitely not. People have been studying the atomic structureRead MoreThe Physics Of Atomic Structure963 Words   |  4 PagesLesson 1 1. Increasing current funding for atomic structure would be a fantastic idea which could lead to discoveries beyond our imagination. For instance, in the quantum mechanical model, the fact that it is unable to tell the exact location and speed of the electron and cannot describe the electron as a particle orbiting a fixed path around the nucleus provides evidential support that funding must be placed into this to further our knowledge. This research could potentially result in terminatingRead MoreThe Atomic Structure Experiment744 Words   |  3 PagesIntegrated Physics and Chemistry – Unit 2: The Structure of Matter Experiment: Atomic Structure In this experiment, you will have a chance to test the hypothesis that Ernest Rutherford used when determining the size of the nucleus. In his gold foil experiment, Rutherford shot alpha particles at gold atoms. Once he realized that the alpha particles were hitting a concentrated positive mass, he developed the nuclear model of the atom. Next, he set out to determine the relative size of the nucleusRead MoreTaking a Look at Atomic Structure866 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology advances , scientists are able to gather experimental evidence related to the properties of the atom. As a result , various models of atomic structure have been suggested over the years. In this chapter we shall discuss atomic structure based on the modern principles. In the early 1900s , J.J. 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The radioisoto pe has 53 protons and 78 neutronsRead MoreAtomic Company Case Study1383 Words   |  6 Pageslucky series of events, Atomic Company has enjoyed a sharp increase in sales of their Tiger Pants line. The most obvious and immediate pains being felt by management is the inability to predict future sales and the high amount being paid out in sales commissions. While these are legitimate concerns, I believe deeper problems exist. The current sales structure divides independent sales representatives into different product lines and territories. This means that an Atomic Company retailer carrying

Lexical Change In The Field Of Information Technology In The Spanish L Essay Example For Students

Lexical Change In The Field Of Information Technology In The Spanish L Essay anguageThe rise of information technology is the single most important technological development of the 20th century. It has revolutionised almost every facet of modern life. Areas as diverse as stock-holding, banking, publishing and personal communication have been transformed thanks to the computer. As a result, computer jargon is one the fastest and widest-reaching areas of lexical change in Spanish, in that a whole new area of terminology has evolved. How has the Spanish language coped with this influx of new terms, for which a need had never previously existed? My main aim in this essay is to give a general survey of common (and some less common) computing terms in Spanish, firstly concerning hardware and software, and secondly concerning the Internet. I intend to analyse throughout the lexical processes involved. There are two main processes by which new words are being adopted into Spanish. Firstly, it has utilised the process of ?borrowing. This means that it has adopted words from other languages, in this case, primarily from English. Secondly, it has used ?neologism. This is where it has taken existing words and roots from its language stock, and altered them to endow them with new meanings. The more common of the two, in the sphere of information technology, is borrowing. Since the vast majority of technological development in this field takes place in the USA, the majority of technical vocabulary devised is in originally in English. Therefore, it takes a deliberate effort to hispanicise such terms. Although such efforts do take place, English terms do tend to ?catch on earlier than their neologised Spanish counterparts, since technology is currently developing at such an incredible rate that Spanish often struggles to keep up. One of the areas in which Spanish language terms hold sway is in the names of the physical hardware of a computer system. For example, in Peninsular Spanish the term for a computer is ordenador, despite the existence of a word similar to its English counterpart. Other hardware terms derived from Spanish roots include teclado for keyboard (although this is not a new term, as it was used previously to refer to typewriter keybofer to typewriter keyboards) and impresora for printer. Both of these terms are bona-fide neologisms. Teclado is derived from the noun tecla, meaning key. Impresora is probably derived from the verb impresionar, meaning ?to leave an impression. The suffix -or(a), which suggests functionality, has been added to the root of the verb impres-. When talking about hardware, we also see examples of ?loan translation or ?calquing, whereby foreign terms are translated verbatim, giving an authentic Spanish term. For example, the English term ?mouse, itself a metaphorical neologism, is given in Spanish as rat?n, and hard disk is given as disco duro. (Floppy disks, on the other hand, are generally referred to as un floppy, despite the existence of terms such as disquete or disco flexible). A headline taken from the website of the highly respected Madrid-based daily newspaper, El Pa?s: (?Parlamentos, escuelas y hospitales instalan un software que interfiere la se?al de los tel?fonos m?viles para evitar la poluci?n sonora. ) highlights the dependence of borrowed words in the field of information technology. The Oxford Spanish-English dictionary informs us that the only equivalent English ?software is the borrowed software. However, Fern?ndez Calvos on-line terminology guide offers two alternatives: componente l?gico and programa. It is difficult to imagine however, either of these two terms becoming commonplace, the former being too long-winded, and the latter being too vague. Nevertheless, when software does appear in printed media, it is more often than not italicised. Clearly then, the word has not been fully assimilated into the Spanish vocabulary. (Interestingly, specific varieties of software tend to have neologised terms. ?Desktop publishing is given as autoedici? n . ?Spreadsheet is translated as hoja de c?lculos, and ?word processing as procesamiento de textos). Racism And Discrimination EssayThere are, thankfully, several instances of calquing in the field of technical Internet terms, which to some extent displaces the dominance of English. Netglos, for example offers us anfitri?n as an equivalent to the English ?host. Also the English term ?bandwidth (which concerns the speed of file transfer) is given as ancho de banda. We have seen that in trying to adapt itself to the linguistic necessities of the information age, the Spanish language mainly uses two forms of creating terminology. The first of these, and the most widespread is borrowing, especially from English. Spanish has some difficulty dealing with the more vague concepts of information technology, such as software and hardware. Likewise, more recent hardware terms such as m?dem and esc?ner have been borrowed from English and assimilated into Spanish. It is in the Internet that we see the most usage of terms being borrowed. English terms are also seen as having an air of modernity , which is why terms such as web appear in the press. Thankfully, for the Spanish language, lexical change is not limited to borrowing English words. Neologisms are being created all the time and in many cases are becoming commonplace. BibliographyBatchelor, R.E.; Using Spanish Synonyms; Cambridge UP, 1994Ciberpa?s; http://www.ciberpais.elpais.esEl Pa?s Digital; http://www.elpais.esEl Mundo, Diario del Navegante; http://www.elmundo.es/navegante/diario/Fern?ndez Calvo, Rafael; Glosario b?sico ingl?s-espa?ol para usarios del Internet; http://www.ati.es/publicaciones/novatica/glointv2.htmlNetglos; http://wwli.com/translation/netglos/glossary/glossary.htmlOxford Spanish-English Dictionary; OUP, 1998Stewart, M; The Spanish Language Today, Routledge, London, 1999Foreign Languages

Smart Style Unisex Salon free essay sample

The paper is a business plan for Smart Style Unisex Salon. It explains the type of business established and describes the products and services that the company offers, providing charts of projected accounts specific to the business, a chart of assets and liabilities, a pro-forma income statement. The paper describes the impact of the use of IFRS and the GAAP accounting standards. Description of the Business Smart Style Unisex Salon is a full-service salon that offers services and products to both men and women. Smart Style Unisex Salon is committed to constantly offer quality services and products as well as high customer satisfaction by offering superior products and exceptional services, and providing a pleasing atmosphere. The salon will provide these at competitive prices. The salon also maintains artistic decor within its premises and a welcoming work environment that respects ideas, opinions, diversity, and hard work. Smart Style Unisex Salon will provide hair care products and services modeled to provide healthy hair care to its clients. We will write a custom essay sample on Smart Style Unisex Salon or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The products will help the customers to keep and maintain healthy hair between appointments with Smart Style Unisex Salon. The general staffing plan of Smart Style Unisex Salon consists of 15 employees, and the Founders and Owners of Smart Style Unisex Salon. The employees include Kenneth Maxwell (Head Barber), Reese Joseph (Head Stylist), Esther Peter (Book Keeper, Accountant), Peter Williams (Maintenance, Inventory Manager). The remaining 11 employees will consist of a receptionist and the rest will be involved in other services provided by the salon. Type of Business and Ownership The business will be formed as a Texas corporation with four stockholders: John Martins, Joel Smith, Valerie Kim, and Juliet Wood. Each stockholder will own 25% of the issued stocks. The agreement and charter will be in accordance with the laws of Texas State and will be drawn up by Murphy Edwards, an attorney in the State of Texas. Products and Services The aim of the business is to provide a broad range of barber and salon services such as hair services such as relaxers, coloring, curling, conditioning, haircuts, weaving, and braiding; beauty care such body massage, body waxing, and facials to the people within the location; and Nails services such as pedicures, polish, and manicures. The business will also offer cosmetics. Current Proposal As the need for beauty by residents of Texas continues to increase, the operations of Smart Style Unisex Salon will also increase. The current stockholders have a total of $20,000 to invest in the salon. The business, however, requires additional funding for business loan of $200,000, which will be used to purchase business equipment for business operations. The start-up costs will be funded by capital from the four stockholders. Additional funds will be financed by a 6-year loan from an investor/lender at an interest rate of 10 percent per annum. Chart of Accounts Equipment Account This will be financed by a 5-year loan from an investor. Equipment will include machinery for providing beauty services and electronic machines that are relevant to business operations of Smart Style Unisex Salon. Furnishings Account This account will be maintained for materials such as furniture that are meant to furnish the area of business operation. The account will be financed by a loan from a lender. Products Account Products will include beauty products that will be sold by the business cosmetic section. This will be funded by the owners as well as the loan. Cash Account The cash account will be maintained for all cash transactions of Smart Style Unisex Salon. All the cash and checks from the business, as well as, the investor will be debited in the cash account. Sales Account Sales account will be important for recording all the sale transactions such as sale products and services. Expenses Account The expenses account will record all the expenses of the business such as payroll, rent and electricity, depreciation, marketing, insurance, interest and tax expenses. These expenses will be paid for using the revenues that Smart Style Unisex Salon will generate from its business operations. Revenue Account The revenue account will include profits generated from sale of products (cosmetics), as well as, the sale of salon services. Among the most crucial types of internal controls that will be used in this business are the physical, mechanical, and electronic controls particularly when handling the business equipment. Electronic controls ensure efficiency and accuracy in business operations, thus they ensure efficient control. Mechanical devices will include alarms and clocks in order to maintain a record of time that workers have worked. The business will also use preventive and detective controls to prevent loss and ensure quality. Segregation of roles is crucial when it concerns safeguarding business resources and assets (Gilbertson Lehman, 2011). This is because it ensures that there is no duplication of efforts since each worker performs his or her tasks in the business. Physical, Mechanical, and Electronic Controls The business will acquire safety deposit boxes and safes that will be used for business cash and documents. Access to the business assets will be limited to only one person who will be the only one with a password to access important business documents. Furthermore, there will be the implementation of storage cabinets by the business, which will be used for inventory and records. The implementation of computer systems with eyeball scans or fingerprint will be used to record and store all the important data relating to the operations of the business. Time clocks will be used to record time worked and alarms will be used to prevent break-ins. Smart Style Unisex Salon will ensure the implementation of television sensors and monitors to prevent robbery. Preventive and Detective Controls Smart Style Unisex Salon will ensure optimum segregation of duties to prevent any losses of fraud in the business entity. The business will ensure proper physical control and authorization over the company’s resources and assets. The internal controls will ensure safeguarding of business resources and assets in order to improve its operations. Any resistance and challenges associated with internal controls will necessitate maximum attention. To ensure that such issues do not cause a major challenge to the operations of the business, there will be strict laws and regulations that all workers of Smart Style Unisex Salon will be expected to adhere to. Lack of adherence to the rules and regulations on business operations will result in the firing of the employee(s) involved. Legal Requirements Business stockholders will be required to obtain licenses of operation from the legal institutions and departments. Smart Style Unisex Salon will operate in accordance to laws and regulations that govern the business operations. This is important because it will ensure that the business entity avoids incurring extra legal costs for not complying with the required rules and regulations. Smart Style Unisex will be carried out in compliance to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The act is intended to protect lenders and investors by improving accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures made to security laws (Bumgardner, 2003). This is important as it ensures that business do not engage in wrongful acts since there are penalties involved. Revenues and Accounting The business revenues will be generated through the provision of reliable and quality beauty products and services of Texas residents. Complete accounting records will be kept by Smart Style Unisex Salon. Esther Peter, who is the firm’s accountant and book keeper, will be in charge of preparing financial statements and filing the tax returns of the business. Internal audit duties will be performed by an external auditor for the company in order to ensure that proper books of records are kept and represent a true and fair position of Smart Style Unisex Salon. Accounts will be prepared in conformity to the General Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) and the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in order to ensure that the business maintains the required statements for legal and financial purposes. IFRS and GAAP ensure that business maintain proper financial statements (Warren, 2012). Smart Style Unisex Salon will employ the Microsoft Excel and QuickBooks will be used as the accounting software. Changes will be integrated in the accounting books through the use of the double-entry system (ledgers).

How Exchange Rates Have an Impact on International Trade

The Political Economy and International Relations Policy Essays

The Political Economy and International Relations Policy Essays The Political Economy and International Relations Policy Essay The Political Economy and International Relations Policy Essay Key Words exchange rates, currency policy, monetary policy, international capital mobility, monetary regimes n Abstract The structure of international monetary relations has gained increasing prominence over the past two decades. Both national exchange rate policy and the character of the international monetary system require explanation. At the national level, the choice of exchange rate regime and the desired level of the exchange rate involve distributionally relevant tradeoffs. Interest group and partisan pressures, the structure of political institutions, and the electoral incentives of politicians therefore nfluence exchange rate regime and level decisions. At the international level, the character of the international monetary system depends on strategic interaction among governments, driven by their national concerns and constrained by the international environment. A global or regional fixed-rate currency regime, in particular, requires at least coordination and often explicit cooperation among national governments. INTRODUCTION The study of international monetary relations was long the domain of economists and a few lonely political scientists. It was routinely argued that, unlike international rade, debt, or foreign investment, exchange rates and related external monetary policies were too technical, and too remote from the concerns of either the mass public or special interests, to warrant direct attention from political economists (Gowa 1988). This was never really accurate, as demonstrated historically by the turbulent politics of the gold standard and more recently by the attention paid to currency policy in small, open economies such as those of Northern Europe and the developing world. But the tedious predictability of currency values under the BrettonWoods system lulled most scholars into inattention (exceptions include Cooper 1968, Kindleberger 1970, Strange 1971 , Cohen 1977, Odell 1982, and Gowa 1983). The collapse of BrettonWoods increased the interest of political scientists in the issue, and in the 1980s, international monetary affairs took so prominent a place in domestic and international politics as to warrant widespread scholarly attention. The 50% real appreciation of the US dollar and the domestic and international firestorm of concern it prompted, dramatic currency collapses in many heavily indebted developing countries, and the controversial attempts to fix European exchange rates ll drew researchers toward the topic. Since 1990, international monetary relations have become extremely prominent in practice, and the study of their political economy has accordingly increased in importance. Exchange rate policies have been at the center of what are arguably the two most striking recent developments in the international economy: the creation of a single European currency and the waves of currency crises that swept through Asia, Latin America, and Russia between 1994 and 1999. Although most research on the political economy of international monetary relations pproaches, analytical arguments, and empirical conclusions. We summarize this work without attempting to cover exhaustively a complex and rapidly growing literature. In this section, we outline the analytical problem, delineating the range of outcomes in need of explanation. The next section focuses on one set of things to be explained, the policy choices of national governments, surveying work on the domestic political economy of exchange rate choice. The third section looks at the second set of things to be explained, the rise and evolution of regional and global exchange rate institutions. Two interrelated sets of international monetary phenomena require explanation. The first is national: the policy of particular governments towards their exchange rates. The second is global: the character of the international monetary system. These two interact in important ways. National policy choices, especially of large countries, have a powerful impact on the nature of the international monetary system. The United Kingdom and the United States were essentially the creators of the classical gold standard and the BrettonWoods monetary order, respectively, and their decisions to ithdraw from these systems effectively ended them. By the same token, the global monetary regime exercises a powerful influence on national policy choice. A small country, such as Belgium or Costa Rica, is much more likely to fix its exchange rate† to gold before 1914, to the dollar or some other currency since 1945†when most of its neighbors have done so. The national and the international interact in complex ways, but for ease of analysis it is useful to look at separate dependent variables: the national policy choices of governments and the character of the international monetary system. National Exchange Rate Policy Each national government must decide whether to fix its currency†to the dollar, to another national currency, or to gold (in earlier periods)†or to allow it to float. If it chooses to let its currency float, it must decide whether it intends to let currency markets freely set the currencys value or whether it intends to target a particular range of exchange rates. If the latter, the government needs to determine the desired level of the currencys value†whether, generally speaking, it prefers the exchange rate to be strong (relatively appreciated) or weak (relatively depreciated). In specific instances, governments may be faced with more immediate choices, such as whether to defend or devalue a currency under attack. There are, roughly speaking, two kinds of national decisions to be made. One concerns the regime under which the currency is managed (fixed or floating, for example), and the other concerns the level of the currency (strong or weak). These choices have significant economic and political implications, and there is no reigning economic argument as to the optimal national exchange rate policy. In this, international monetary policy differs from trade policy. There are powerful economic arguments for the welfare superiority of free trade, and free trade can usefully be considered a baseline from which national policies deviate, with the distance from free trade a measure worth explaining. In currency policy, there is no clear economic- efficiency argument for or against any particular level of the real exchange rate. A strong (appreciated) currency is one that is valuable relative to others; this gives subjects national producers of tradable products (goods and services that enter into international trade) to more foreign competition, for the strong currency makes oreign products relatively cheaper. Although politicians certainly care about these effects†weighing the positive effects of increased mass incomes versus the negative effects of increased foreign competition†there is no purely economic reason to opt for one or the other. There is a reigning economic approach to currency unions (and, somewhat by extension, to fixed exchange rates), drawn from the literature on optimal currency areas. But this literature is by no means conclusive, so even here there are few purely economic factors that could explain national government policy. This means that national exchange rate policy must be made with an eye toward its political implications, since the tradeoffs governments must weigh are largely among values given different importance by different sociopolitical actors. Governments must evaluate the relative importance of the purchasing power of consumers, the competitiveness of producers of tradable products, and the stability of nominal macroeconomic variables. Below we survey the political considerations that affect policy, but first we describe the international level of analysis in international monetary affairs. InternationalMonetary Systems There are effectively two ideal types of international monetary regime, with actual systems tending toward one or the other. One is a fixed-rate system, in which national currencies are tied to each other at a publicly announced (often legally established) parity. Some fixed-rate systems involve a common link to a commodity such as gold or silver; others use a peg to a national currency such as the US dollar. The other ideal-typical monetary regime is is a free-floating system, in which national currency values vary according to market conditions and national macroeconomic policies. There are many potential gradations between these extremes. In the past 1 50 years, the world has experienced three broadly defined international monetary orders. For about 50 years before World War l, and again in substantially modified form in the 1920s, most of the worlds major nations were on the classical gold standard, a quintessential fixed-rate system. Under the gold standard, national governments announced a fixed gold value for their currencies and committed themselves to exchange gold for currency at this rate. From the late 1940s until the early 1970s, the capitalist world was organized into the BrettonWoods monetaryorder, a modified fixed-ratesystem. Under BrettonWoods, national currencies were fixed to the US dollar and the US dollar was fixed to gold. However, national governments could and did change their exchange rates in unusual circumstances, so that currencies were not as firmly fixed as under the classical gold standard. From 1973 until the present, and briefly in the 1930s, the reigning order has been one in which the largest countries had more or less freely floating national currencies with no nominal anchor, whereas smaller countries tended either to fix against one of the major currencies or to allow their currencies to float with varying degrees of overnment management. Monetary regimes can be regional as well as global. Within the international free-for- all that has prevailed since 1973, a number of regional fixed-rate systems have currencies of relatively small countries to the currency of a larger nation; for instance, the CFA (African Financial Community) franc zone ties the currencies of 12 African countries to each other and to the French franc (and now to the euro). Several countries in Latin America and the Caribbean have similarly tied their currencies to the US dollar, and others are considering this link. Another type of regional fixed-rate system involves the linking of a number of regional currencies to one another, often as a step toward adoption of a common currency. This has been the case with European monetary integration, which began with a limited regional agreement, evolved into something like a Deutsche mark link, and eventually became a monetary union with a single currency and a common European central bank. Countries in the Eastern Caribbean and southern Africa have also developed monetary unions. Our dependent variables, then, are (a) the national exchange rate policies of articular national governments, especially their choice of the level and regime of their currencies; and (b) the international monetary regime, especially the degree to which currencies are fixed against one another. To be sure, these two dependent variables are Jointly determined. National policy choices depend on the character of the international monetary system, and the evolution of global monetary relations is powerfully affected by the decisions of the major trading and investing nations. By the same token, international monetary relations interact with other economic policies. Currency misalignments have often led to protectionist pressures and even trade wars, Just as the evolution of trade relations affects exchange rate policy choices. Policies toward international financial and investment flows are similarly affected by, and affect, exchange rate movements. These complex interactive effects are important, but we do not know how to think about them in an integrated and systematic way. This essay focuses on the political economy of international monetary policy in and of itself, emphasizing potential answers to our two more narrowly defined explanatory questions. Cognate literatures on the political economy of other important international economic policies are useful to the analysis of international monetary policy. Analyses of international trade and investment begin with a prior notion of the distributional interests at stake†factoral, sectoral, and firm-specific†derived either from theory or from empirical investigation. They then explore how these interests are aggregated and mediated by such sociopolitical institutions as labor unions and business associations, political parties, electoral systems, legislatures, and ureaucracies. Finally, they explore the interactions between these nationally derived policies and those of other countries, especially in contexts in which interstate strategic interaction is likely to be important, such as where national government policies depend on the responses of other governments. The emerging structure of analysis and explanation of international monetary and financial politics follows this pattern. In the next section, we summarize the domestic level of analysis, especially how interests and institutions interact in the formation of national policy.

Taxation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Taxation - Assignment Example When the government decreases its levy on goods, there will be a high consumption rate and more production by the firms. This decrease of levy on goods leads to increase in capital (David 1817). Corporations are also subject to taxation by the government. Corporations pay taxes to the government for services provided. Corporations fill out forms as required by the state laws and hence recognized by the government (Leandra 2002). It is the duty of the corporation to pay taxes to the government for services provided and failure to do so can lead to legal actions towards the corporation. Before investors make an investment plan, they identify the tax system of their investment location. A tax system that is negatively designed does not favor the investor’s interests and will drain their resources and time. The different types of taxes levied by the government are indirect taxes, direct taxes, progressive taxes and non-progressive taxes. Generally, this paper will look at UK tax system and also recommendations made in the Mireless review. The paper will also explain the benefits that will come with the proposed recommendations and also the parties that will be affected by the recommendations. The taxation systems in UK today do not favor the households. It oppresses them through the heavy taxes that are imposed on them by the government. The taxation system has influenced the amount of money that people save and the manner in which they do so (Stuart, James and Christopher 2012). This system does not lead to economic growth since people are not encouraged to save. It has led to inflation in UK hence calling for reforms in the taxation system. The United Kingdom’s tax rate is among the highest in the world. Despite people earning high incomes, they have been subjected to high tax rates hence little savings by the income earners. A high increase in income tax has also led to the rise of other related taxes such as taxes on allowances,